Class 12 Indian Economic Development Notes

 Economic Development is a wider concept than economic growth and deals with the programs, activities, and policies that aim at improving the economic well-being and quality of life of a country. GeeksforGeeks has designed Notes for Class 12 Indian Economic Development in a way that provides detailed knowledge about the subject and related topics. The notes of Indian Economic Development contain 8 chapters covering important topics, like World Trade Organisation, Economic Reforms, Agriculture, Industrial Sector, Sustainable Environment, GDP, Employment, Rural Development, Human Capital and Human Development, Unemployment, Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation, and many more. 

Chapter 1: Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence

The first chapter of Class 12 Indian Economic Development 'Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence' explains in detail the situation of the Indian Economy after Independence. The notes of this chapter consist of important topics, like the agricultural sector, industrial sector, occupational structure, foreign trade, demographic conditions, infrastructure, and different policies of British rulers that led to the exploitation of the Indian Economy. 

Chapter 2: Indian Economy (1950-1990)

The second chapter of Class 12 Indian Economic Development 'Indian Economy (1950-1990)' explains in detail the situation of the Indian Economy from the years 1950 to 1990, its economic system, the Five Year Plan, and other related topics. The quick links given below for the notes of this chapter consists of important topics, like Economic Planning, Agriculture, Measures to solve agricultural problems, Green Revolution, Industrial Policy Revolution, Foreign Trade, and many more. 

Chapter 3: Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation: An Appraisal

Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation are the three types of measures initiated by the Indian Government under the New Economic Policy. The third chapter of Class 12 Indian Economic Development, 'Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation' consists of everything required to know about LPG under the New Economic Policy. The important topics covered in the notes of this chapter are Economic Reforms, New Economic Policy, Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation, World Trade Organization, and the Impacts of LPG. 

Chapter 4: Human Capital Formation in India

Human Capital is the stock of knowledge and skills embodied in human beings, and human capital formation means increasing the level of productivity and efficiency of human beings by providing them education and health. The fifth chapter of Class 12 Indian Economic Development, 'Human Capital Formation in India' covers in detail about human capital, human development and education. 

Chapter 5: Rural Development

Rural Development means to improve and develop the rural areas of a country. The sixth chapter of Class 12 Indian Economic Development, 'Rural Development' explains in detail the rural sector and its development. The important topics covered in the notes of this chapter are agricultural rural credit, agricultural marketing, organic farming, and many more. 

Chapter 6: Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues

Employment is an activity under which people perform productive activities for the sake of generating income. The seventh chapter of Class 12 Indian Economic Development, 'Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues' explains in detail the concept of employment and related topics. The notes provided for this chapter by the quick links mentioned below covers important topics like self-employed workers, hired workers, growth of employment, changing structure of employment and unemployment. 

Chapter 7: Environment and Sustainable Development

Environment and Sustainable Development is the ninth chapter of Class 12 Indian Economic Development that explains  the Environment, Sustainable Development, Degradation, Causes of Environmental Degradation and Impact of Environmental Degradation. 

Chapter 8: Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours

The last chapter of Class 12 Indian Economic Development, 'Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours' explains the demographic indicators, development strategies, developmental path of India, and many more. 

CBSE Previous Year Papers (2020)

Chapters not in Current CBSE Syllabus (2024-2025)

Chapter: Poverty

A situation in which a human being is not even able to fulfill his/her basic requirements, including food, clothing, education, health, and housing is known as poverty. The below links talks in detail about poverty and the situation of poverty in India. The important topics covered are poverty line, dimensions of poverty in India, impact of poverty, causes of poverty, and Anti-Poverty Programmes adopted by the Government of India and its shortfalls. 

Chapter: Infrastructure

Infrastructure is the type of structure which is built to provide services in the economy. The below links explains the concept of infrastructure and related concepts. The important topics covered include need for infrastructure, importance of infrastructure, types of infrastructure, and many more. 

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